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NEW THEORY. “In our new theory on DPs, we have introduced a new mathematical formulation called the Clebsch dual field, and some of the important outcomes derived from the formulation will be used in our arguments without detailed explanation; hence, we reserve the Method section until the end to give a revised concise explanation as background information for interested readers.” (DP = dressed photon). https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1244/htm View in LinkedIn

REVIEW. “In view of the unfamiliarity in the science community at large with the relevant subjects, we recapitulate the important points to make this article self-contained, on the basis of the latest tutorial paper on DPs, which summarizes most of the results reported in a series of works.” (DP = dressed photon). https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1244/htm View in LinkedIn

NOVEL PROPERTIES.”Their output optical powers are as high as 2 W: Infrared Si lasers have also been developed whose CW output optical power is as high as 100 W, and the threshold current density is as low as 60 A/cm at room temperature. Their high power and low energy consumption factors are 10(4) and 0.05, respectively, relative to those of the conventional single-stripe double heterojunction-structured semiconductor lasers fabricated using the direct-transition-type compound InGaAsP. Furthermore, novel polarization rotators have been developed using crystalline SiC that exhibit a gigantic ferromagnetic magneto-optical effect.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1244/htm View in LinkedIn

INNOVATION 3). “Light-emitting devices using indirect-transition-type semiconductors. These devices are based on the intrinsic nature of a DP that is contrary to V. Infrared light-emitting diodes using crystalline silicon (Si) have been realized. For their fabrication, a method of DP-assisted annealing has been invented to autonomously control the spatial distribution of the dopant atoms on which DPs are created and localized (Figure 1d).” (DP = dressed photon). https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1244/htm View in LinkedIn

INNOVATION 2). “Nanofabrication technology, such as chemical vapor deposition and autonomous smoothing of a material surface (Figure 1b,c). These technologies are based on the intrinsic nature of a DP that is contrary to I–IV. Their details will be described in subsection 1.2 since the information on the maximum size of a DP will be used in Section 4 on cosmology.” (DP = dressed photon). https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1244/htm View in LinkedIn

INNOVATION 1). “Nanometer-sized optical devices. These devices are operated on the basis of the spatially localized nature of DPs created on an NM (Figure 1a) and the autonomous DP energy transfer between NMs. These devices are based on the intrinsic nature of a DP that is contrary to I, II and IV. Integrated 2D arrays of NOT- and AND-logic gates operating at room temperature have been fabricated using InAs NMs.” (DP = dressed photon; NM = nanometer). https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1244/htm View in LinkedIn

PROOF THE COMMON VIEWS ARE WRONG. “Contrary to I–V above, the intrinsic natures of DPs have enabled the advent of innovative technologies such as the following.” (To follow). https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1244/htm View in LinkedIn

Three hundred years at a glace in section of an English oak. View in LinkedIn

HELIUM ABUNDANCE. “Now we know that stars cannot build up the observed He abundance through nuclear reactions in their interior, and thus have to be primordial.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2019.0091 View in LinkedIn

COSMIC LABORATORY. “The early universe can be used as a probe of fundamental physics at much higher energies than those explored in the present universe.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2019.0091 View in LinkedIn