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HUGELY IMPORTANT. “Some experiments have observed qualitatively new, often 'game-changing' abilities that have the hallmarks of evolutionary innovations. Some innovations may require only a single mutation.” https://lnkd.in/dndws4D5 View in LinkedIn

FITNESS LANDSCAPE. “In particular, prior mutational steps in a path on the fitness landscape may affect evolvability in at least two main ways. They may alter mutation rates (and/or recombination rates for organisms that are capable of sexual reproduction or horizontal gene transfer), or they may lead to differences in epistatic interactions with potential further mutations.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

PLANT BACTERIA. “The experimentally evolved transition of a chimeric Ralstonia solanacearum strain from a plant pathogen into a symbiont that is able to colonize root nodules also required only a single mutation in hrpG, which encodes a protein that regulates the expression of several virulence factors.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

TOOLBOX. “When there is genetic diversity in evolving populations for long periods of time, there is the opportunity for selection to operate not only on the immediate effects of mutations or new combinations of alleles but also on how those new genotypes differ in their capability to further evolve (that is, their evolvability).” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL SURPRISE. “That key mutation did not revert any of the previous mutations but occurred instead in a previously uncharacterized small RNA.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

THE STRESS LEVER. “Stressful environments can sometimes help to separate the more beneficial mutations from the less beneficial mutations.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL EXAMPLE. “For example, whole-genome sequencing of experimentally evolved Myxococcus xanthus strains found that 14 mutations were substituted after 1,000 generations in a liquid medium, while social motility and the capability to form fruiting bodies were lost, but only one mutation was involved in the subsequent restoration of those functions.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

DERIVATION CONSEQUENCES. “Such paths included backward in time and faster than light paths.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

DERIVATION OF TIME BACKWARDS. “Feynman's view derived from Einstein's version of Lorentz invariant symmetry, together with Feynman's contention that the final probability of some quantum event was the square of the sum of the amplitudes of all possible paths to the result.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

BACKWARDS IN TIME. “On the same page, in a footnote he says that antiparticles can be easily made and kept for weeks, so he had no problem with antiparticles moving backwards in time indefinitely. It is hard to find another example of a physicist of such legendary status being in a minority of one on his fundamental insight which had never been disproved.” (Feynman). https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn