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FIXING THE MODEL. “These apparent shortcomings of ΛCDM motivated the author and his collaborators to construct the Modified Dark Matter (MDM), a phenomenological dark matter model inspired by the consideration of entropy and gravitation.” (ΛCDM = the standard cosmological model). https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

MODEL PROBLEMS. “The standard cosmological model, ΛCDM, has been very successful. But aside from the fact that dark matter particles have not been (directly) detected, this model suffers some noticeable shortcomings, such as missing satellite problem, core/cusp problem, too-big-to-fail problem, to name just a few.” (ΛCDM = the standard cosmological model). https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

DARK ENERGY VS BARYONIC MATTER. “We conclude (at least are led to speculate) that the “particles” constituting dark energy obey infinite statistics, rather than the familiar Fermi or Bose statistics. This is the over-riding difference between dark energy and conventional matter. Note that here it is the physical non-negativity requirement of entropy for a gravitational system that leads to this unexpected conclusion.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

DARK ENERGY QUANTA. “According to the holographic spacetime foam model, the constituents of dark energy are quanta/“particles” with very long wavelengths.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

The truly extraordinary Art Nouveau Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau in Bacelona, near to the Gaudi basilica of Sagrada Familia, is a complex built between 1901 and 1930, composed of 12 pavilions and 26 buildings connected through long undergound tunnels within its massive green campus. https://lnkd.in/ewbHgFW7 View in LinkedIn

CREATIVE MACHINES. “And suddenly we noticed that one of the neurons was tracking faces. It was tracking our faces as we were moving around. Now, the spooky thing about this is that we never trained the system to recognize human faces and yet, somehow, it learned to do that. Even though these robots are very simple, we can see that something else is going on there. It is not just programming.” (Professor Hod Lipson). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-03633-1_14 View in LinkedIn

TWO TYPES. “Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence".” https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence View in LinkedIn

ORIGIN OF COMPLEXITY. “Corning stated: "It is the synergistic effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence View in LinkedIn

FEATURES OF EMERGENCE. The common characteristics are: “(1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived).” (Corning, 2002). https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence View in LinkedIn

A DEFINITION. Goldstein initially defined emergence as: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems". (1999). https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence View in LinkedIn