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CAUSAL DECOUPLING. “The ΦID frame-work (in particular, practical criteria discussed in the previous section) provided a quantitative validation that particles have causally emergent properties, in line with widespread intuition, and further analyses suggested that they may be causally decoupled with respect to their substrate.” (ΦID = Integrated Information Decomposition). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION TRANSFORMATION. “The simple GoL rule nevertheless results in highly complex behaviour, with recognisable self-sustaining structures — known as “particles” — that have been shown to be responsible for information transfer and modification.” (GoL = Game of Life). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

GAME OF LIFE. “The efficacy of the presented framework to detect emergence was demonstrated in a paradigmatic example of emergent behaviour: Conway’s celebrated Game of Life (GoL). In GoL, simple local rules determine whether a given cell of a 2D grid will be ON (alive) or OFF (dead) based on the number of ON cells in its immediate neighbourhood.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

“FIG. 2. Example published applications of the ΦID approach to causal emergence. Examples include A) Conway’s Game of Life, B) a bird flocking model, C) macaque ECoG during motor control, D) human resting-state fMRI brain activity, and E) human fMRI during loss of consciousness.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

INTERCONNECTIVITY. “Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution.” https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION PARTICLES. “Integrated Information Decomposition (ΦID), which establishes information atoms not only in terms of the relationship between the predictors, but also between the targets.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

ANT HIVE. “An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties.” https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence View in LinkedIn

EMERGENT CONSCIOUSNESS. “In this way, the more nuanced view on neural information dynamics offered by ΦID offers the promise of further insights for our understanding of consciousness as an emergent phenomenon. Developing procedures to either identify emergent features, or to efficiently calculate emergent capacity in large systems are important avenues for future work.” (ΦID = Integrated Information Decomposition). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

DE-COUPLING. “Interestingly, analysis of fMRI data showed that loss of consciousness due to brain injury corresponds to a reduction of integrated information and causal emergence in the brain.” (fMRI = functional MRI). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

CONSCIOUSNESS. “Causal emergence (de-coupling) increases both along the cortical hierarchy of the human brain, and across the gap from non-human primates to humans. Relatedly, there has been a long-standing debate on whether consciousness could be viewed as an emergent phenomenon enabled by the complex interactions between neurons.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn