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BRAIN SYSTEM. “Remarkably, analyses of human fMRI data have identified a gradient with redundancy-dominated sensory and motor regions at one end, and synergy-dominated association cortices dedicated to multimodal integration and high-order cognition at the other end.” (fMRI = functional MRI). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

TESTING THE THEORY. “Moving from simulations to empirical data, the ΦID framework for causal emergence was also adopted to study how motor behaviour might be emergent from brain activity. Results indicated that the motion-related signal is an emergent feature of the macaque’s brain activity.” (ΦID = Integrated Information Decomposition). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

SUPER-ORGANISM. “Here, the framework showed that the centre of mass can predict its own dynamics better than what can be explained from the behaviour of individual birds.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

MURMURINGS. “Another demonstration of the power of the framework and practical criteria was carried out in a computational model of flocking birds, another often-cited example of emergent behaviour whereby the flock as a whole arises from the interactions between individuals.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

CAUSAL DECOUPLING. “The ΦID frame-work (in particular, practical criteria discussed in the previous section) provided a quantitative validation that particles have causally emergent properties, in line with widespread intuition, and further analyses suggested that they may be causally decoupled with respect to their substrate.” (ΦID = Integrated Information Decomposition). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION TRANSFORMATION. “The simple GoL rule nevertheless results in highly complex behaviour, with recognisable self-sustaining structures — known as “particles” — that have been shown to be responsible for information transfer and modification.” (GoL = Game of Life). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

GAME OF LIFE. “The efficacy of the presented framework to detect emergence was demonstrated in a paradigmatic example of emergent behaviour: Conway’s celebrated Game of Life (GoL). In GoL, simple local rules determine whether a given cell of a 2D grid will be ON (alive) or OFF (dead) based on the number of ON cells in its immediate neighbourhood.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

“FIG. 2. Example published applications of the ΦID approach to causal emergence. Examples include A) Conway’s Game of Life, B) a bird flocking model, C) macaque ECoG during motor control, D) human resting-state fMRI brain activity, and E) human fMRI during loss of consciousness.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

INTERCONNECTIVITY. “Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution.” https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION PARTICLES. “Integrated Information Decomposition (ΦID), which establishes information atoms not only in terms of the relationship between the predictors, but also between the targets.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn