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BUTTERFLY BEAKS. "Our results suggest pollen feeding, like other dietary specializations, was likely facilitated by adaptive expansions of preexisting genes—and that the butterfly proboscis is involved in digestive enzyme production." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

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EVOLUTION OF THE NUCLEUS. "One important event in early eukaryotic evolution was the development of a symbiotic relationship between the α-proteobacteria progenitor of mitochondria and an archaebacteria-like host. As with most endosymbiotically derived organelles, DNA was transferred from mitochondria to the host." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

BUTTERFLY EXAPTATIONS. "Heliconius possess a unique ability among butterflies to feed on pollen. Pollen feeding significantly extends their lifespan, and is thought to have been important to the diversification of the genus." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

DOGMA. "A central tenet of the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution is that extraneous DNA sequences can be present within genomes, provided that they do not significantly impact the fitness of the organism." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

BUTTERFLY GENE DUPLICATION. "Gene Duplication and Gene Expression Changes Play a Role in the Evolution of Candidate Pollen Feeding Genes in Heliconius Butterflies." https://lnkd.in/essFGXS View in LinkedIn

SELECTION INVISIBLE. "The creation and loss of TF-binding motifs or cryptic transcriptional start sites in these same intergenic regions will equally be invisible to natural selection, provided that these do not drastically alter the expression of any nearby genes or cause the production of stable toxic transcripts." (TF = transcription factor). https://lnkd.in/eT5V5Xc View in LinkedIn

HEMOGLOBIN GENES. "The subfamilies of genes that encode the different subunit chains of Hb are ontogenetically regulated such that functionally distinct Hb isoforms are expressed during different developmental stages. In some vertebrate taxa, functional differentiation between co-expressed Hb isoforms may also contribute to physiologically important divisions of labor." http://physiologyonline.physiology.org/content/31/3/223 View in LinkedIn

TWO REMODELING MECHANISMS. "It has been demonstrated that larval organs in holometabolous insects degenerate mainly through apoptosis and autophagy." https://lnkd.in/eED2fPx View in LinkedIn

COMPLETE DEGENERATION. "Metamorphosis represents a critical phase in the development of holometabolous insects, during which the larval body is completely reorganized: in fact, most of the larval organs undergo remodeling or completely degenerate before the final structure of the adult insect is rebuilt." https://lnkd.in/eED2fPx View in LinkedIn