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SILENT TOOLKIT. "We can only speculate as to the evolutionary significance of ‘internal’ molecular mechanisms, which are often silent or neutral, whereas we can see, directly and immediately, the profound consequences of these shifts (on snail shells, fish limbs, hen’s teeth, and so on) in external phenotypes." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL TEETH GENES. "No living birds have teeth, but we can tweak regulatory genes of embryonic chicks to ‘switch on’ still-present structural genes that encode for teeth." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

TWEEKS CAN BE PIVOTAL. "Studies show that minor molecular changes can provide major anatomical shifts, all of which might prove pivotal in evolution." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

MORE TWEEKS. "The same gene promoter (a 5’ Hoxd enhancer CsC) is involved in turning embryonic limb buds into fish fins as well as tetrapod hands." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

IMPACT OF TWEEKS. "Overexpression of the hox13a gene in zebrafish (Danio rerio) causes fin reduction and proliferation of distal cartilaginous tissue similar to that seen in the digital arch of tetrapod limbs." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

MINOR TWEEKS, BIG IMPACT. "Exposure to platinum causes young snails to develop into shell-less, slug-like gastropod molluscs." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

EXAPTATION OF OLD ERRORS. “Complex features arise by building on simpler features. The functions use bits and pieces of older functions, then tweak them here and there to get the new function." https://lnkd.in/dvEXJwm View in LinkedIn

SOCIETAL EXAPTATION. "All epoch-making discoveries have in their wake a revision of pre-existing ideas." https://lnkd.in/ewBp2XF View in LinkedIn

EXAPTATION "is a term used in evolutionary biology to describe a trait that has been co-opted for a use other than the one for which natural selection has built it." Darwin first conceived of the idea. http://www.livescience.com/39688-exaptation.html View in LinkedIn

"SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular." https://lnkd.in/dAmwzUd View in LinkedIn