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CORE, FLEX AND PAN GENOME. “Early bacterial whole-genome sequencing efforts discovered that whenever a particular “species” was re-sequenced, new genes were found that had not been detected earlier—entirely new genes, not merely new alleles. This led to the concepts of the bacterial core-genome, the set of genes found in all members of a particular “species”, and the flex-genome, the set of genes found in some, but not all members of the “species”. Together these make up the species’ pan-genome.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

PAN GENOME. “Although the enforced stability of genomic content is ubiquitous among multi-cellular eukaryotes, the opposite is proving to be the case among prokaryotes, which exhibit remarkable and adaptive plasticity of genomic content.” https://lnkd.in/ewnQ9Vg View in LinkedIn

UNPROTECTED GENOMES. “The enforced stability of genomic content in multi-cellular eukaryotes is necessary for maintaining a non-pathological multi-cellular, differentiated condition. Curiously, this critical attribute is not on any of the lists of essential eukaryotic pre-adaptations necessary for the evolution of multi-cellularity. This absence may be a result of the pervasive multi-cellular eukaryotes-centricity of much classical biology thinking.” https://lnkd.in/ewnQ9Vg View in LinkedIn

MALFUNCTIONS AND DISEASE. “Among multi-cellular eukaryotes, when genetic or genomic changes produce significant adverse effect, many of the resulting problems are produced by perturbations in development, or disruptions of a complicated bit of physiology necessary to accomplish some critical function in differentiated somatic tissue.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

PROTECTED GENOMES. “Within multi-cellular eukaryotes cells, genetic information is stored in a very stable, heavily regulated genome whose content is well protected from outside influences. Generating a multi-cellular state requires a regulated genome, and the successful regulation of gene expression, both in development and in physiology, depends in part on the maintenance of stable genomic content.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

BROKEN BOUNDARY. “In the dark-matter realm of prokaryotes, none of this is true. Prokaryotes have only one kind of cell division and thus, for them, there can be no distinction between growth and reproduction. With no distinction between somatic cells and germs cells, individuals in the Weismannian sense cannot occur.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

MORTAL SOMA. “In the Weismannian view, “individuals” are large aggregations of physically connected, genetically identical somatic cells that carry a genetic payload sequestered in the germ line. Somatic cells, and thus individuals, are mortal, whereas cells in the germ line are potentially immortal.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

SEPARATING GROWTH. “In multi-cellular eukaryotes, a distinction is made between growth—cell divisions that simply result in an increase in size of an individual; and reproduction—cell divisions and fusions that result in the creation of a single, genetically novel cell, the zygote, that will be the founding cell for a new individual). https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

NUANCED CONTROL. “These fine movements are related to a subcutaneous muscular structure termed modiolus, which is the meeting point of muscles involved in the motion of mouth and comparative anatomy shows this structure to be better defined in Man than in other primates.” https://lnkd.in/dg2kCaB View in LinkedIn

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFERS. “This kind of genetic exchange can occur between widely unrelated taxa.” (This is huge). https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn