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OTHER VARIANT FEATURES. "All of these morphological characteristics are controlled by genes acting either in parallel or genetically downstream of the ABCE loci, a fact that has major implications for floral evo-devo studies. For example, analysis of the B- or C-class genes cannot be informative for comparative studies of stamen number, since stamens will express these homologs regardless of how many of them there are." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

ANGIOSPERM EXPLOSION. "In many cases, these waves of speciation were driven by physiological factors, such as adaptation to new soil types or innovation in light responses, but variability in floral morphology is particularly notable for its direct connection to factors that affect plant fitness (e.g., pollinator interactions)." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

FLORAL DIVERSITY. "Any survey of floral diversity will reveal that much of the morphological variation does not occur in aspects of floral organ identity but in other features, such as the arrangement of the organs within the meristem (phyllotaxy), the number of organs of each type (merosity), the elaboration of the floral organs (e.g., organ fusion), and floral symmetry." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

FLOWERING PLANTS. "The 240,000-plus species of angiosperms that now dominate most of Earth's terrestrial ecosystems were derived from a series of major radiations, starting with their enigmatic appearance approximately 130 million years ago." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

SEPAL AND PETAL ORIGINS. "The situation for sepal and petal identity is much more complicated, however, possibly reflecting the fact that these organ types may have evolved independently in different angiosperm lineages." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE for this and next weekend dabbles into flower structure over space and time, and touches on their genetic regulation. Perhaps among the most admired highly diverse organs, flower structural transformations cross geometric axes, sexual axes, often fusing disparate organ systems into new forms, in a seemingly endless quest for innovation. View in LinkedIn

HIGHER COMPLEXITY FROM SIMPLE BASE. "The protein products of these genes function in combination as dimers that may further interact with one another to form higher-order protein complexes. In evolutionary terms, many aspects of what is now termed the ABCE model are deeply conserved across the angiosperms, most notably the stamen and carpel identity pathways." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

LARGELY CHARACTERIZED. "All of the originally characterized members of these gene classes have now been mapped and sequenced, and all but one are representatives of the type II MADS-box family of transcription factors, the exception being the A-class gene APETALA2." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

"THE ABCE GENETIC PROGRAM is a homeotic program, meaning that elimination or overexpression of gene function results in transformations in organ identity. For instance, loss of B gene function causes transformation of the petals into sepals and stamens into carpels, while overexpression of the B-class genes turns the sepals into petals and carpels into stamens." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

E CLASS FLORAL GENES. "A fourth class of organ identity genes, the E class, was recently identified on the basis of their genetic sequence similarity rather than primary mutant phenotypes. The E-class loci act broadly across the floral meristem to facilitate the function of the other three classes." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn