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CONSERVED AND ADAPTED. "The ancient and deeply conserved genetic and molecular pathways that cause cell death indicate that death-promoting mechanisms show less variability than would be expected for unavoidable or maladaptive death.” View in LinkedIn

INTERNAL REAPER. "There is substantial evidence that cell death is often internally controlled and regulated in unicellular organisms." View in LinkedIn

PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH "seems paradoxical, however, in cases where the single cell is the entire organism. In some species ambiguity arises as to whether cells are organisms or parts of organisms." View in LinkedIn

REF FOR TODAY’S POST. Are Internal, Death-Promoting Mechanisms Ever Adaptive?" "John W Pepper, Deborah E Shelton, Armin Rashidi and Pierre M Durand" "Journal of Phylogenetics & Evolutionary Biology View in LinkedIn

REF FOR LAST POST." "Are Internal, Death-Promoting Mechanisms Ever Adaptive?" "John W Pepper1,2, Deborah E Shelton1, Armin Rashidi1 and Pierre M Durand1,3* View in LinkedIn

DEATH FOR INCREASED FITNESS. "Programmed cell death (PCD) serves the interests of multicellular organisms in many ways. Because it increases the fitness of the organism, there is no mystery about the function of PCD in plants and animals." View in LinkedIn

REGULATED DEATH. “In all cases that have been studied to date, programmed cell death is regulated by signals provided by other cells, either in the form of cell-lineage information, of soluble mediators, or of cell-to-cell contacts." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

WIDELY CONSERVED. “Programmed cell death has been found to operate in all multicellular animals studied so far, including cnidaria, nematodes, insects, amphibians, birds and mammals. The evolutionary conservation of programmed cell death in the animal kingdom does not only involve its existence and role, but extends to some central aspects of its genetic control, and to important aspects of its most frequent phenotype, apoptosis." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

APOPTOSIS and cell suicide are continuous ongoing processes in living systems. It is normal and widespread. "The cells of a multicellular organism are members of a highly organized community. The number of cells in this community is tightly regulated—not simply by controlling the rate of cell division, but also by controlling the rate of cell death. If cells are no longer needed, they commit suicide by activating an intracellular death program." https://lnkd.in/eaj7Brc View in LinkedIn

SELECTION BEYOND THE INDIVIDUAL. "However, unicells undergoing POD do not leave any direct descendants. Thus, in unicells, POD (with the possible exception of autophagy) may involve adaptation through function, and selection, at levels other than the individual organism." (POD = programmed organismal death). http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/are-internal-death-promoting-mechanisms-ever-adaptive-2329-9002.1000113.pdf View in LinkedIn