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ENZYMATIC SALTATIONS. "Enzymes are erroneously considered exquisitely precise and efficient molecular catalysts. Natural enzymes are also evolvable: in other words, they can migrate through mutational trajectories to arrive at alternative catalytic activities, sometimes in unexpected saltatory fashion." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

CONFLUENCE OF MANY. "Swarm Intelligence is a set of heuristic solutions inspired by animal swarm behaviors and capable to offer empirical solutions to many computationally hard problems pertaining to several disciplines." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

REPURPOSING OLDER FORMS. "New specialized metabolic pathways continuously emerged in a lineage-specific manner by independently recruiting and refining descendants of these radiating families to catalyze sequential chemical reactions." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.12416/full View in LinkedIn

SYNERGISTIC AMPLIFICATION. "Individuals with very limited computational capabilities are able to carry out very complex tasks when they can work together." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

MODIFYING EXISTING TOOLKIT. "Third, the expansion of the specialized metabolism in plants did not involve the emergence of new protein folds, but rather the extensive exploitation of the sequence space in the pre-existing protein folds by natural selection. Many of these fold families are rooted in more ancient primary metabolic systems." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

EMERGING COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR. "Swarm robotics is the study of how large the number of relatively simple physically embodied agents can be designed such that a desired collective behavior emerges from the local interaction among agents and between the agents and the environment." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

OVERALL CORRELATIONS. "Second, in general, the taxonomic distribution of plant specialized metabolic traits correlates with the gradual evolutionary development of specialized tissue types, organs and/or lifestyles observed in land plants as they underwent extensive divergence over the last 500 million yr." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

EMERGENT ACTIVITIES. Firstly, "this observation suggests that the initial birth of those major specialized pathways present in extant plants probably involved emergent catalytic activities towards certain primary metabolites, which yield new compounds that enhance host fitness in particular environments." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

PLANT EVIDENCE. "System-level phylogenetic examination of specialized metabolic enzymes and pathways across major phyla of the plant kingdom reveals several general patterns, all consistent with the stepwise evolutionary processes underlying the emergence and evolution of the metabolic traits observed in extant plants." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

STEPWISE EVOLUTION. "Extant metabolic pathways in general contain a set of enzymes catalyzing sequential reactions in a highly concerted manner. Given that the end metabolites of metabolic pathways ultimately confer selective advantages to the host, it is indeed difficult to understand how individual incipient enzymes arrive at specific activities over defined periods of time through stepwise evolution – Descent with Modification – before assembly of a more complex and integrated pathway." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn