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3D ATLAS OF EMBRYOLOGY https://lnkd.in/dnFdQ9Bhttps://lnkd.in/ddbesiz View in LinkedIn

MODIFIED LAND NOSE. “Lungfish played a critical role when organisms shifted from an aquatic mode of life to a terrestrial setting representing one of the most dynamic major adaptive shifts during the course of evolution. The anatomy of lungfish shows that the olfactory passages open posteriorly in the oral region and into the respiratory portion of the organism. These posterior communicating pathways, however, were in all likelihood not used for the purposes of respiration but rather to increase the power of olfaction.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

RUDIMENTARY NOSE. “The first vertebrates were jawless fish named agnathans who are classified in the phylum Chordata and subphylum Vertebrata and whose fossil ancestors can be traced back to the Cambrian period around 500 million years ago. Living agnathans display a primitive or rudimentary olfactory organ.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE considers for this and next weekend how humans came to have a nose. Embryologically, it is complex, and this only starts to make sense when comparative anatomy and evolutionary considerations come into the picture, resulting in a truly excellent case study of evo-devo (evolutionary/development) perspective on this hybrid organ. Viewing life forms from an evolutionary perspective made sense of inscrutable biology. But adding development int the mix solved Gordian knots. View in LinkedIn

ACROSS TAXA. “Phylogenically, the respiratory nose develops between mouth and olfactory nose by rearrangement of the dermal bones of the secondary palate, which appears in early tetrapods. During development, the palatal shelves develop into the palatine processes of the maxillary bones, and with the vomer, palatine, pterygoid and inferior turbinate bones form the walls of the nasal cavity after regression of the transverse lamina.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTIONARY CLUES. “Two major questions which can be addressed to this classic description are why the nose is formed by such a complex intricacy of different anatomical structures, and why the origin and formation of these are not found in the classic embryological description. Examining the formation of the nose in the evolution of species may, actually, give clues to the answers.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

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RECENT HISTORY. "Until 11,000 years ago, all people everywhere on Earth were hunter/gatherers, living at modest population densities because the hunter/gatherer lifestyle yields only modest food quantities and little or no storable food surpluses." https://lnkd.in/d4Twb7p View in LinkedIn

REALITY CHECK. "It's humbling to remember that our species has, perhaps, been around for 150,000 years. The Neolithic Revolution -- which gave us agriculture, at which time we succumbed to the cult of the seed; the poetry of the shaman was displaced by the prose of the priesthood; we created hierarchy specialization surplus -- is only 10,000 years ago. The modern industrial world as we know it is barely 300 years old." https://lnkd.in/d_uwCcC View in LinkedIn