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PLANT ACTION POTENTIALS. "The majority of cells in different plant species are electrically active and excitable, being able to release and propagate action potentials (APs). These electrical signals even influence principal physiological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration." https://lnkd.in/eVTKbBi View in LinkedIn

"ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA in single plant cells are to a great extent very similar to those occurring in animal cells. All plant cells actively maintain an electrical cell membrane potential difference of −30 to −250 mV between the vacuole or cytosol and the external medium." https://lnkd.in/eVTKbBi View in LinkedIn

EVIDENCE-BASED. "The fact that plants are electrically excitable and able to generate and propagate electrical signals is well documented." https://lnkd.in/dZXtCFD View in LinkedIn

SNAPDRAGON SYMMETRY MUTANTS. "Thus mutants of cyc/dich and rad result in radially symmetrical, ventralized flowers, while mutants of div (in a cyc/dich background) result in radially symmetrical, lateralized flowers in A. majus." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

SNAPDRAGON CASE STUDY. "A proposed molecular model of floral symmetry development in A. majus hypothesizes that the two TCP genes CYC (CYCLOIDEA) and DICH (DICHOTOMA), formed from a duplication event specific to the Antirrhineae, control the activation of the MYB TF RADIALIS (RAD). RAD is expressed in the dorsal regions where CYC2 genes are also expressed. RAD in turn inhibits another MYB TF, DIVARICATA (DIV), restricting DIV to function only in the ventral portion of the corolla." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

DISTAL GENE RESTRICTION. "This indicates that a similar pattern of differentially restricted expression occurs independently in the evolution of bilateral symmetry from radially symmetric ancestors. Therefore, we find independent cooption of not just the same genes, but also of the dynamic molecular process involving restricted gene expression across the floral apex." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

UNEQUAL GENE RESTRICTION. "Similar patterns in which one duplicate is more dorsally restricted than the other exist across the eudicots (Antirrhinum majus, Malphigiaceae, Dipsacales and Pisum sativum)." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

DECOUPLED DUPLICATE GENES. "In Dipsacales, the first shift from radial to bilateral symmetry is correlated with a duplication event, resulting in two gene copies, and the partial restriction of both copies to exclude the ventral petal lobe. Subsequent shifts to more strongly bilaterally symmetrical flowers involved further restriction of the duplicate copies and a decoupling of expression, such that one copy is more dorsally restricted than the other." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

DUAL SYMMETRY FLOWERS. "Nearly all characterized bilaterally symmetrical lineages contain two or more duplicates of CYC2 genes. Plants with floral heads (compact inflorescences) that contain both radial and bilaterally symmetric flowers, such as those in Asteraceae and Dipsaceae, appear to have the greatest numbers of CYC2 genes with differential expression tied to changes in floral symmetry across the inflorescence axis." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn