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AEROSOL ELECTRIFICATION. "Stratified regions of aerosol will charge in the atmosphere under quiescent conditions as a result of ion transport by the conduction current. Although the charges carried are unlikely to be sufficiently large to initiate bulk discharge processes such as lightning, the distribution of charges expected on aerosols under natural ion asymmetry may yield a small fraction of particles with significant charge levels.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn

CHARGED DUST. “As long ago as 1850, Michael Faraday commented on the peculiarities of the production and discharge of electric charges during sandstorms, a phenomenon repeatedly rediscovered over the intervening century and a half. Similarly, sand is known to become strongly electrified by helicopters traveling in desert environments, producing spark and explosion hazards, and the issue even has implications for missions to the Moon and to Mars, where charged dust degrades solar cell viability and clings to spacesuits, limiting the lifetime of their joints.” http://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.5188 View in LinkedIn

CHARGED IONS. “Regions of aerosol particles, some of which may acquire appreciable charges, are the principal perturbation to atmospheric electric fields under fair weather conditions. In general the upper and lower surfaces of a horizontal region of particles or droplets will charge from ions flowing vertically as a result of the fair weather conduction current, and the region within the layer will be of low conductivity compared with that of the surrounding air.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn

SAND CHARGES. “Grains in desert sandstorms spontaneously generate strong electrical charges; likewise volcanic dust plumes produce spectacular lightning displays. Charged particle clouds also cause devastating explosions in food, drug and coal processing industries.” https://lnkd.in/dW6wCcD View in LinkedIn

ASYMMETRICAL CHARGES. “Collisions between the ions and atmospheric aerosol lead to charge-exchange and electrification of the aerosol, and the ion asymmetry ensures that the collisions do not lead to an average charge of zero. Local electric fields can cause further asymmetries, by depletion of one sign of ion concentration, and consequently substantial aerosol electrification can occur in such regions.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn

“COSMIC RAYS alter the ionosphere-Earth electric current which, in turn influences cloud properties through charge effects on droplet freezing and other microphysical processes. Significance level of correlations. 67% for cosmic rays and low clouds, 98% for solar irradiance and low clouds.” https://lnkd.in/d2cyRBr View in LinkedIn

“SMALL IONS consist of clusters of water molecules collected around a singly charged ion. They have a lifetime of the order of a hundred seconds. Clusters such as H3O+(H2O)n, H+(H2O)n, NO+(H2O)n and NO2+(H2O)n are common for the positive ions and O2-(H2O)n, CO4-(H2O)n, NO-(H2O)n or NO2-(H2O)n for the negative ions. The chemical difference between the species in the positive and negative ions leads to some physical asymmetries in the ion properties, with the negative ions more mobile.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn

CLOUD SCALES. “Cloud active aerosols, i.e., cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN), can modify cloud microstructure, precipitation forming processes, and the meteorological and radiative responses of clouds and the atmosphere. These effects impact both the atmospheric circulation systems and the thermodynamic and radiative energy budgets over a cascade of scales from local to global.” https://lnkd.in/dR5c8TB View in LinkedIn

AEROSOLS. “The emerging picture is of aerosols strongly regulating the cloud cover and depth by suppressing rainout and its dynamical feedbacks, which are potent mechanisms for dissipating clouds of all depths.” https://lnkd.in/dCrqT-h View in LinkedIn

Quite the pigeon nest in the making at the Great Gate of Girona. View in LinkedIn