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“FIGURE 4. Inner magnetosphere plasma populations. The outer van Allen belt, the ring current, and the plasmasphere are colocated within the inner magnetosphere trapping region. The plasma sheet in the closed field line region extends to the dayside magnetopause and to the distant nightside tail.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PLASMA POPULATIONS. “It is important to note that the dynamic processes all occur on time scales that are short compared to collision times, which means that the plasma populations can retain their characteristics without being thermalized, and that the plasma distribution functions can significantly deviate from simple Maxwellians. Figure 4 shows the key plasma populations in the magnetosphere.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PARTICLE VORTEX. “The variety of processes bringing particles into the inner magnetosphere, the fact that the quasi-dipolar field allows trapping of the particles to closed drift orbits, and the relatively low collision frequencies that keep the system from obtaining thermal equilibrium all contribute to the complexity and variability of the inner magnetosphere plasma populations.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

INNER MAGNETOSPHERE. “The electron acceleration and loss processes are strongly dependent on the electric field structure and the wave-particle interactions in the inner magnetosphere.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ELECTRON RINGS. “These relativistic electron fluxes show sharp dropouts and enhancements in response to the varying geomagnetic activity, and their dynamics is key to space weather, as these electrons pose a hazard to satellites in Earth orbit. Their rapid drift motion around the Earth is largely controlled by the magnetic field geometry, in contrast to the cold particles that are guided both by the electric and magnetic fields.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ENORMOUS SCALE. “As this thin current sheet grows unstable, a rapid dissipation process quickly expands to a large-scale reconnection event whose effects are observable over a large portion of the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

MAGNETOSPHERE SHAPE. “The current sheet at the tail center has a thickness of only a few hundred kilometers (comparable to the thermal ion gyroradius), and the magnetic field component normal to the current sheet becomes very small, only a few nanotesla.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

VIOLENT OUTPUT. “Substorms typically occur at a rate of four to five per day, each lasting typically two to three hours. They are initiated by enhanced dayside reconnection and hence increased energy input to the magnetosphere. This causes a configuration change in the magnetosphere including enhancement of the magnetospheric current systems and formation of a thin and intense current sheet from near-geostationary distance outward.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY VENTING. “Variability in the north-south orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field causes episodic energy loading-dissipation cycles termed magnetospheric substorms.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY GYRES. “It is estimated that about half of the energy that enters via the dayside reconnection process is processed in the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere, while the other half is carried by the plasmoid(s) back to the solar wind.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn