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TWO LOGICAL EXPLANATIONS. “The presence of the wild land and marine bacteria DNA on the ISS suggests their possible transfer from the stratosphere into the ionosphere with the ascending branch of the global electric circuit. Alternatively, the wild land and marine bacteria as well as the ISS bacteria may all have an ultimate space origin.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

DIVERSE POPULATIONS. “At the boundary “glass-frame” we discovered DNA of Mycobacteria sp. also attendant to bacterial plankton.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

CONSISTENT FINDINGS. “It is very important that the DNA of the same microorganisms (Delftia sp.; Mycobacteria sp.; Archaebacteria) was repeatedly found at different sites of the station in different years.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

NUMEROUS REPEAT EXPERIMENTS. “Due to the importance of the results showing the presence of wild bacterial DNA in cosmic dust, we repeated the collection of cosmic dust on the ISS surface many times during several years (2013–2016). During the experiments in open space during 2013–2016, more than ten probes of cosmic dust were collected. “ https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

CARE OF CONTAMINATION. “It must be emphasized that, to avoid drift of terrestrial bacteria into space, the sampler “TEST” was sterilized in an autoclave and with γ- radiation. After the dust was collected from the surface of the ISS, the astronaut screwed the tampon holder into the body of the sampler “TEST” in the open space, so that the swab remained in vacuum until the sampler was opened in the terrestrial laboratory, which was also important to avoid nucleic acids contamination.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn

EARLIER FAILURE. “The absence of PCR product in the samples of «Tanpopo» mission can be explained by the short duration of exposure and the location of the sampler. We guessed that a surface of the ISS is a more effective trap for the space dust, because it gathers the dispersed particles from the vacuum, just in the same way as the dust particles, including bacterial and fungal spores, are adsorbed from the gas phase on the surface of aircraft.” https://lnkd.in/dNHWs6R View in LinkedIn