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THE SECOND LAW. “It states that the entropy of an isolated physical system can never decrease; at best, entropy remains constant, and usually it increases. This law is central to physical chemistry and engineering; it is arguably the physical law with the greatest impact outside physics.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

INVARIANT LAW. “The second law of thermodynamics summarizes the familiar observation that most processes in nature are irreversible: a teacup falls from the table and shatters, but no one has ever seen shards jump up of their own accord and assemble into a teacup. The second law of thermodynamics forbids such inverse processes.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

BIG PROBLEM. “In this way, the laws of conservation of energy and angular momentum are upheld by black holes. Another fundamental law, the second law of thermodynamics, appears to be violated.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

FEW MEASURABLES. “If the matter is captured while circling the hole, its associated angular momentum is added to the black hole's angular momentum. Both the mass and angular momentum of a black hole are measurable from their effects on spacetime around the hole.” https://lnkd.in/draqjTW View in LinkedIn

Clockmaker’s shop in La Bisbal D’Emporda: dear clockmaker, do you know that time does not exist and that spacetime expands and contracts or even ceases to be altgether? View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first of two weekends on the merger of embryology and genetics. It is simplistic of me to suggest here that this is a case study of where science resists new ideas. Rather, the entire philosophy of the two disciplines was genuinely different, namely wholistic embryologists and reductionist geneticists, and this was at least a major part of the friction as the disciplines came closer together. View in LinkedIn

CELLULAR SEPARATION. “As Frank R. Lillie wrote in his critical review of 1927, "The germ exhibits the duality of nucleus and cytoplasm; the geneticist has taken the former for his field, the embryologist the latter." https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn

CYTOPLASMIC SCIENCE. “Indeed, the concept of gene expression is absent in the major embryology books of the 1920s through the 1940s. Although experimental embryology had successfully separated itself from the earlier traditions of developmental anatomy, it remained a phenotypic science, and it identified itself as a science concerned with cytoplasmic changes.” https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn

FIELDS NOT GENES. “The evidence gave coalesced into a concept called the morphogenetic field, and this morphological unit, rather than the gene, was seen as being the fundamental unit of development (and in the case of planaria, inheritance).” https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn

GOLDEN ERA. “But while the geneticists were making their great discoveries into the mechanism of hereditary transmission, the embryologists were also having their own golden era. Ignoring genetics altogether, embryologists embarked on the program which Joseph Needham (1936) christened "Gestaltungsgesetze, the rules of morphological order." https://lnkd.in/dQuxg6Y View in LinkedIn