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Seeing inside living cells with the external context, a huge jump forward in microscopy. https://youtu.be/FHJo_eQPOG8 View in LinkedIn

“THE STUFF which the world of our experience is composed is, in my belief, neither mind nor matter but something more primitive than either. Both mind and matter seem to be a composite, and the stuff of which they are compounded lis in a sense between the two, in a sense above them both, like a common ancestor.” (Bertrand Russell, 1921). https://lnkd.in/dGjr7B9y View in LinkedIn

NEW NUTRIENT USE. “The LTEE uses a glucose-limited medium, but citrate — another nutrient that E. coli generally cannot use — has also been present throughout the experiment. The ability to use this abundant but untapped resource evolved after 30,000 generations (~15 years) and in only one of the 12 replicate populations.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

MIXED MUTATIONS. “In these examples, the relevant mutations each conferred a direct advantage in terms of using the new resource, but this need not be the case.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

PROVING GROUND. “The evolution of new metabolic capabilities was studied in several early experiments with microorganisms. These organisms often gained the ability to use new compounds as nutrient sources by successive mutations in genes that activated their transcription under new conditions, increased their overall expression levels or altered their substrate specificities.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

SINGLE MUTATIONS. “It is also likely that some examples of yeast that evolved a new multicellular 'snowflake' phenotype needed only single adaptive mutations.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

HUGELY IMPORTANT. “Some experiments have observed qualitatively new, often 'game-changing' abilities that have the hallmarks of evolutionary innovations. Some innovations may require only a single mutation.” https://lnkd.in/dndws4D5 View in LinkedIn

FITNESS LANDSCAPE. “In particular, prior mutational steps in a path on the fitness landscape may affect evolvability in at least two main ways. They may alter mutation rates (and/or recombination rates for organisms that are capable of sexual reproduction or horizontal gene transfer), or they may lead to differences in epistatic interactions with potential further mutations.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

PLANT BACTERIA. “The experimentally evolved transition of a chimeric Ralstonia solanacearum strain from a plant pathogen into a symbiont that is able to colonize root nodules also required only a single mutation in hrpG, which encodes a protein that regulates the expression of several virulence factors.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

TOOLBOX. “When there is genetic diversity in evolving populations for long periods of time, there is the opportunity for selection to operate not only on the immediate effects of mutations or new combinations of alleles but also on how those new genotypes differ in their capability to further evolve (that is, their evolvability).” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn