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TESTING THE THEORY. “Moving from simulations to empirical data, the ΦID framework for causal emergence was also adopted to study how motor behaviour might be emergent from brain activity. Results indicated that the motion-related signal is an emergent feature of the macaque’s brain activity.” (ΦID = Integrated Information Decomposition). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

SUPER-ORGANISM. “Here, the framework showed that the centre of mass can predict its own dynamics better than what can be explained from the behaviour of individual birds.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

MURMURINGS. “Another demonstration of the power of the framework and practical criteria was carried out in a computational model of flocking birds, another often-cited example of emergent behaviour whereby the flock as a whole arises from the interactions between individuals.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

CAUSAL DECOUPLING. “The ΦID frame-work (in particular, practical criteria discussed in the previous section) provided a quantitative validation that particles have causally emergent properties, in line with widespread intuition, and further analyses suggested that they may be causally decoupled with respect to their substrate.” (ΦID = Integrated Information Decomposition). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

SPIRITUAL VIEWS. “In religion, emergence grounds expressions of religious naturalism and syntheism in which a sense of the sacred is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more complex forms arise or evolve from simpler forms.” https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence View in LinkedIn

COMPLEX SYSTEMS. “One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. Negative feedback introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, positive feedback promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns.” https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence View in LinkedIn

UNIVERSAL NOISE. “In the quantum sense, one environment that no physical system can be isolated from is the vacuum that fluctuates all the time.” https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6433-5.pdf View in LinkedIn

COMMON EXAMPLES. “The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.” https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence View in LinkedIn

NOISE. “However, a significant challenge to the realization of these quantum technologies with quantum entanglement as a key resource is the environmental noises that lead to the quantum to classical transition.” https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6433-5.pdf View in LinkedIn

Cone shell patterns show that the mind of the mollusk as being capable of considerable mathematical complexity. View in LinkedIn