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JETS OF IONS. “Active Galactic Nuclei, powered by accretion on a supermassive black hole, eject relativistic jets that interact with the interstellar and intergalactic medium on sub-pc to Mpc scales.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

ORIGINS. “Acceleration to these extreme energies could be due to transients such as massive supernovae or compact object mergers, active-galactic nuclei, or galaxy clusters, though the exact mechanism is unclear.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

EXTREME ENERGY. “Additionally, ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are extragalactic cosmic rays with energies exceeding 10(18) eV.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

PARTICLE ACCELERATORS. “Galactic magnetic fields are thought to be responsible for the acceleration of electrons, positrons and ions to cosmic rays.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

TURBULENT HEAVENS. “Galactic magnetic fields should not be treated as minor perturbations, but rather as key ingredients in a rich dynamically active environment.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

LIMITS. “Now, to claim that kinetic energy and its properties are defined or governed by the classic thermodynamic model of temperature would be misleading.” https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/JHEP07(2019)140.pdf View in LinkedIn

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GIANT GRADIENTS. “That precise conservation gives rise to the existence of steady-state linear gradients on the large scale, and the expectation value of the kinetic energy (per particle) connects to temperature through the Boltzmann constant, e.g. with ⟨Ek ⟩ = 32 kB T in the kinetic theory of gases.” https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/JHEP07(2019)140.pdf View in LinkedIn

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CONSERVATION LAW. “For temperature, these small scale entities are kinetic energy and particle collisions, at which the sum of the energy is conserved.” https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/JHEP07(2019)140.pdf View in LinkedIn