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PHOTON ENERGIES. “The photoelectric effect necessitates photons with energies approaching zero (in the case of negative electron affinity) to over 1 MeV for core electrons in elements with a high atomic number.” https://lnkd.in/eDZvjevE View in LinkedIn

NOBEL RECOGNITION. “Siegbahn received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1981, in recognition of his wide-ranging efforts to develop XPS into a useful analytical tool. In parallel with Siegbahn's work, David Turner at Imperial College in the UK developed ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) on molecular species using helium lamps.” (XPS = X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). https://lnkd.in/eDZvjevE View in LinkedIn

EXPERIMENTAL PROOF. “1914, Robert Millikan's experiment supported Einstein's model of the photoelectric effect. Robert Millikan (22 March 1868–19 December 1953, American experimental physicist) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923 for “his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect.” https://lnkd.in/eDZvjevE View in LinkedIn

COMMERCIALIZATION. “In cooperation with Siegbahn, a small group of engineers at Hewlett-Packard in the USA, produced the first commercial monochromatic XPS instrument in 1969.” (XPS = X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). https://lnkd.in/eDZvjevE View in LinkedIn

QUANTIZED LIGHT. “This explained Max Planck's previous discovery of the Planck relation (E = hν) linking energy (E) and frequency (ν) as arising from quantization of energy. The factor h is known as the Planck constant. This model contributed to the progress of quantum mechanics.” https://lnkd.in/eDZvjevE View in LinkedIn

MAINSTREAMING. “In 1967, Siegbahn published a wide-ranging study of XPS, bringing immediate recognition of the usefulness of XPS, which he referred to as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA).”(XPS = X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). https://lnkd.in/eDZvjevE View in LinkedIn

SEMINAL FINDING. “R.G. Steinhardt Jr. published his PhD thesis, “An X-ray photoelectron spectrometer for chemical analysis” (Leihigh University) in 1950. He was also the first to recognize that “X-ray photoelectron spectra are profoundly influenced by the chemical and physical nature of the surface under investigation.” https://lnkd.in/eDZvjevE View in LinkedIn