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INTERFERONS AND TASTE. "Host interferons fight against bacterial and viral infections, but can themselves be toxic to the host. Patients with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease, or those on long-term interferon therapy suffer from taste and smell symptoms." https://lnkd.in/eBud7xG View in LinkedIn

INFECTIONS AND TASTE ABNORMALITIES. Patients with viral and bacterial infections often suffer from taste disturbances. Injection of molecules secreted by bacteria and viruses into mice to mimic infections results in altered gene expression in taste bud cells. https://lnkd.in/eBud7xG View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL MOLECULES, such as bacterially-derived LPS induces inflammation which changes taste cell responses and shortens their lifespan. https://lnkd.in/evfercC View in LinkedIn

TASTE CELL MEDIATOR. "These results suggest that TNF-alpha produced by taste cells may function as a physiologic or pathological mediator in immune surveillance and inflammation." https://lnkd.in/erYucpp View in LinkedIn

BACTERIA AND INFLAMMATION. "Can TNF-alpha expressing taste cells respond to microbial-derived molecules, such as LPS? The results of this study show that TNF-alpha and its mRNA are significantly up-regulated in taste tissues of mice receiving systemic LPS administration." Thus some microbe molecules directly cause an inflammatory reaction in taste cells. https://lnkd.in/erYucpp View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL PRODUCTS AFFECT TASTE CELLS. "Inflammatory activators, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from bacteria can affect taste progenitor cell regeneration, taste cell turnover, and recovery of taste nerve response after section and dietary sodium restriction." https://lnkd.in/erYucpp View in LinkedIn

BACTERIA AND TASTE. "Infection and inflammation are thought to contribute to or exacerbate taste disorders." https://lnkd.in/eGn-ntk View in LinkedIn

TASTE BUD CYTOKINES. "While immune cells, such a T-cells and macrophages, are rarely found in taste buds, high levels of expression of some immune-responses-associated molecules are found in taste buds...a specific subset of taste cells selectively express high levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)." https://lnkd.in/erYucpp View in LinkedIn

PROLIFERATION MINUS DEATH = RESIDUAL LIFE. "Even though the cells of the taste bud undergo constant turnover, the structural homeostasis of the bud is maintained by balancing cell proliferation and cell death. Compared with nongustatory lingual epithelial cells, taste cells express higher levels of several inflammatory receptors and signaling proteins." https://lnkd.in/evfercC View in LinkedIn

GUT CHANGES AND TASTE RECEPTORS. "Both short and long term changes in the luminal contents alter expression of bitter taste receptors." https://lnkd.in/e36SVG6 View in LinkedIn