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INTRONS. "In some genes, not all of the DNA sequence is used to make protein. Introns are noncoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein. The sections of DNA (or RNA) that code for proteins are called exons." https://lnkd.in/eJuUs5M View in LinkedIn

SLOWLY EXPANDING INFORMATION. "Others, such as telomeric- and centromeric-associated repeats, play critical roles in chromosomal maintenance. Despite this, there is currently no evidence that the majority of highly repetitive elements are functional." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY REPEATS. "Many repeats are thought to be derived from truncated TEs, but others consist of tandem arrays of di- and trinucleotides. As with TEs, some highly repetitive sequences play a role in gene regulation." (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/eT5V5Xc View in LinkedIn

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REPETITIVE DNA. "Another large fraction of the genome consists of highly repetitive DNA. These regions are extremely variable even amongst individuals of the same population (hence their use as “DNA fingerprints”) and can expand or contract through processes such as unequal crossing over or replication slippage." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

TOWARDS MUTUALISM. "In recognition of the more complex interactions between transposable elements and their hosts, Kidwell and Lisch proposed an expansion of the “parasitism” framework where each TE can be classified along a spectrum from parasitism to mutualism." (TE = transposable elements). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

ACKNOWLEDGING THE OTHER CAMP. "Many examples have been found in which TEs have taken on regulatory or other functional roles in the genome." (TE = transposable elements). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

PSEUDOGENES ARISE BY (1): "duplication - modifications (mutations, insertions, deletions, frame shifts) to the DNA sequence of a gene can occur during duplication. These disablements can result in loss of gene function at the transcription or translation level (or both) since the sequence no longer results in the production of a protein. Copies of genes that are disabled in such a manner are termed non-processed or duplicated pseudogenes." http://pseudogene.org/background.php View in LinkedIn

LARGE OCCUPANCY. "Due to this degeneracy, estimates of the proportion of the human genome occupied by TEs has varied widely, between one-half and two-thirds. Larger genomes, such as those of salamanders and lungfishes, almost certainly contain an even more enormous quantity of transposable element DNA." (TE = transposable elements). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

"PSEUDOGENES are functionless relatives of genes that have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. Pseudogenes often result from the accumulation of multiple mutations within a gene whose product is not required for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional, similar to other kinds of noncoding DNA which can have a regulatory role." https://lnkd.in/euq3niU View in LinkedIn