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RESPONSE TO SOUND. "Whichever explanation for the origin of acoustic emissions from plants is correct, the fact remains that plants emit sounds and they “hear” them too. Decades of scientific research indicate that plants do respond to sound waves of different frequencies by modifying germination and growth rates." https://lnkd.in/dd33rp7 View in LinkedIn

BEYOND CAVITATION. "Although it remains undisputed that cavitation can induce acoustic emissions, the acoustic signals emitted by plants are so numerous that it always seemed extremely unlikely that each acoustic event was attributable to cavitation alone." http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/4/789.full View in LinkedIn

MECHANICAL BOOMING. "Acoustic emissions are generally interpreted as the result of the abrupt release of tension in the water-transport system of plants following cavitation as water is pulled by transpiration from the roots through the xylem to the leaves." http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/4/789.full View in LinkedIn

Mysterious calligraphy graffiti emerging. View in LinkedIn

RADIAL TO BILATERAL SHIFT. "The current model, mostly derived from A. majus, involves sequential steps leading to a shift from radial to bilateral symmetry in the petal whorl: (1) CYC2-like genes are dorsally restricted; (2) CYC2-like genes up-regulate RADIALIS (RAD) in the dorsal region; (3) RAD negatively regulates weakly ubiquitous DIVARICATA (DIV), leaving DIV to localize in the outer epidermis of only the ventral region; and (4) DIV possibly up-regulates AmMYBML1, which functions in forming trichomes, conical cells, and the hinge of the ventral petal." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

MODULAR SYMMETRY GENES. "Studies in model systems can start to piece together a modular GRN that underlies floral symmetry and to investigate how the dynamics of this network can lead to different symmetry." patterns." (GRN = gene regulatory networks). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

SNAPDRAGON SYMMETRY MUTANTS. "Thus mutants of cyc/dich and rad result in radially symmetrical, ventralized flowers, while mutants of div (in a cyc/dich background) result in radially symmetrical, lateralized flowers in A. majus." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

SNAPDRAGON CASE STUDY. "A proposed molecular model of floral symmetry development in A. majus hypothesizes that the two TCP genes CYC (CYCLOIDEA) and DICH (DICHOTOMA), formed from a duplication event specific to the Antirrhineae, control the activation of the MYB TF RADIALIS (RAD). RAD is expressed in the dorsal regions where CYC2 genes are also expressed. RAD in turn inhibits another MYB TF, DIVARICATA (DIV), restricting DIV to function only in the ventral portion of the corolla." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn

DISTAL GENE RESTRICTION. "This indicates that a similar pattern of differentially restricted expression occurs independently in the evolution of bilateral symmetry from radially symmetric ancestors. Therefore, we find independent cooption of not just the same genes, but also of the dynamic molecular process involving restricted gene expression across the floral apex." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13198/full View in LinkedIn