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STACKED SHEETS. “When two pieces of graphene sheets are vertically stacked together, it is known as bilayer graphene, and the twisting angle (θ) between the two sheets matters. Since the discovery of graphene, more than a decade of efforts have been invested to obtain a perfect Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene (θ = 0°) system because such a system possesses an electrically tunable bandgap (0–0.25 eV), a characteristic that does not exist in conventional materials, allowing innovations in ubiquitous electronics.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

JOYS OF THE IMPERFECT. “The presence of imperfections in graphene has dramatically enabled its application in spintronics. Multiple types of imperfections have been explored for the realization of graphene spintronics include point defects, line defects such as edges, chemical doping, and sp3 hybridization. Magnetic moments arises from these defects in graphene are usually weak and not stable.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

VALUABLE ERRORS. “Note that the image sensor is not operational with intrinsic graphene. P-doped graphene is required for the generation of an electron–hole pair upon light absorption. The imperfect graphene, made from non-optimized growth and transfer methods, is not only good for flat image sensing, but also object tracking, enabling advanced technologies such as autonomous vehicles.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

CARBON IS KEY. “Several properties of graphene such as long spin diffusion length, high carrier mobility, weak intrinsic spin–orbit coupling, and limited hyperfine interactions made it a promising material for spintronics.” Carbon is also central to life. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

BEYOND SILICON. “The graphene integration on a silicon read-out circuitry, commonly used in mobile phones, has extended the operation wavelengths of image sensors in digital cameras, from visible and short wave infrared light (300–2000 nm), which was not achievable with pure silicon technology.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

SPIN DATA STORAGE. “Emerging technology such as spintronics can solve the problem. Spintronics utilizes another property of electrons called spin to encode data information. The data are stored based on the spin states (either up or down) of electrons that are already present. The spin state only changes upon exposure to a magnetic field, and hence no potential leakage problem.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

BREAKTHROUGH. “In 2017, monolithic integration of a graphene–silicon camera microchip was demonstrated for the first time. Such integration was made possible by transferring the graphene sheet from its copper growth substrate to silicon read-out circuitry.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

MICRO PROBLEMS. “It should be noted that a capacitor is made of a piece of insulator sandwiched by two metal plates. As device scaling following Moore’s Law, the insulator becomes thinner and thinner, the problem of charge leakage occurs and the stored data are lost. The problem leads to high power consumption in current technology.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

THE OUTPUT. “When a neutrino interacts with a neutron in the water, it can produce a muon or an electron, depending on its flavour. The T2K experiment detects the muons and electrons and discriminates between them, thereby identifying the flavour of the impinging neutrino and measuring the oscillation probability of muon-to-electron neutrino conversion.” https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01000-9 View in LinkedIn

MEASUREMENT. “The neutrinos subsequently travel through Earth without being stopped, but some are detected by the underground detector at the Kamioka Observatory 295 km away, deep beneath Japan’s Mount Ikeno. The detector consists of 50,000 tonnes of ultrapure water surrounded by a vast array of light sensors.” https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01000-9 View in LinkedIn