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DEEPLY INGRAINED. “The circadian system is involved in maintaining energy homeostasis. Approximately 10% of the mammalian transcriptome display circadian oscillations. Among the rhythmic genes identified, many have a specific role in coordinating nutrient metabolism. For example, glucose transporters and the glucagon receptor, as well as multiple enzymes involved in the metabolism of sugars and the biosynthesis of cholesterols, are rhythmically expressed.” https://lnkd.in/dH6Ha79 View in LinkedIn

CLOCK MECHANISM. “The circadian clock is driven by an autoregulatory feedback loop. CLOCK and BMAL1 form a heterodimer that induces expression of Per and Cry through E-box enhancers. PER and CRY proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm throughout the circadian day. CK GENES. “Upon reaching critical levels, PER and CRY form a complex that translocates back to the nucleus to associate with CLOCK and BMAL1 and repress their own transcription. This process takes approximately 24 hours to complete a full cycle.” https://lnkd.in/dH6Ha79 View in LinkedIn

MAGNIFICENT CLOCKS. “Across phyla, all circadian clocks share several fundamental properties: they are synchronized (entrained) each day to external cues, they are self-sustained and produce oscillations that persist in the absence of any external cues, they are temperature compensated such that temperature changes in the physiological range do not alter their endogenous period, and of particular relevance to this review, they are cell-autonomous and genetically-determined.” https://lnkd.in/d3X7KfC View in LinkedIn

CLOCK TRANSCRIPTION. “In mammals, the mechanism of the circadian clock is cell autonomous and arises from an autoregulatory negative feedback transcriptional network. At the core of this clock network are the transcriptional activators, CLOCK (and its paralog, NPAS2) and BMAL1.” https://lnkd.in/dBQ96E6 View in LinkedIn

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THE UNDERLYING DRIVER. “Translating the developmental program encoded in the genome into cellular and morphogenetic functions requires the deployment of elaborate gene regulatory networks (GRNs). GRNs are especially crucial at the onset of organ development where a few regulatory signals establish the different programs required for tissue organization.” https://lnkd.in/dwiRabR View in LinkedIn

KEY REALIZATION. “The last decade of research has reinforced the notion that to understand biological networks we need to do more than just describe genome organization. A major finding that has reshaped our view of biology is the realization that transcriptional complexity rather than genome size or the number of protein-coding genes is the evolutionary driver for increased biological diversity.” https://lnkd.in/dfCi2dc View in LinkedIn